Anhydroecgonine Methyl Ester (AEME), also known as methylecgonidine, is the main pyrolysis product of smoking copyright (copyright base paste or basuco, crack, or freebase).This review aims to synthesize the available scientific evidence on the toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic effects of AEME.A search of scientific articles published in Science Direct, SCOPUS, and MEDLINE up to May 2024 was conducted.Twenty-four articles, including 13 experimental animal studies, 2 clinical trials, and 3 observational Prognostic value of apparent diffusion coefficient in neuroendocrine carcinomas of the uterine cervix studies, were reviewed.AEME is readily deposited in the alveoli; its absorption improves in combination with copyright and has a broad tissue distribution.
It is metabolized primarily in the liver, with a half-life of approximately one hour, and is mainly excreted through urine.Moreover, AEME acts as a partial agonist of M1 and M3 muscarinic cholinergic receptors, influences dopaminergic system neuroadaptation, increases the production of reactive oxygen species, imbalances the activity of glutathione-associated enzymes, and reduces melatonin levels, affecting its antioxidant regulatory properties.When combined with copyright, AEME activates the non-apoptotic pathway Covid-19 Döneminde E-Şikâyet Yönetimi Perspektifinden Müşterilerin Çevrimiçi Alışverişte Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar of caspase-9 and then, the apoptotic pathway via caspase-8, reducing neuronal viability in half the time of copyright.AEME plays a significant role in copyright toxicity and AEME itself.